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Having a history of benign (non-cancerous) breast disease can increase the chances of
developing breast cancer. However, researchers have
found that taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) does not
further increase the risk for breast cancer among post-menopausal women with proliferative
breast disease. Proliferative breast disease (also called hyperplasia) is a non-cancerous
condition characterized by an increase in the number of breast cells.
HRT is commonly prescribed to help treat menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, vaginal
dryness, and sleep disturbances. HRT is designed to "replace" estrogen that a
woman loses when she reaches menopause. Estrogen loss can contribute to menopausal
symptoms, osteoporosis (brittle bones), and other conditions.
While HRT is the most effective remedy for menopausal symptoms and helps maintain bone
mineral density, there is thought to be a link between long-term use of HRT (more than
five years) and an increased risk of breast cancer.
There is also an increased risk of breast cancer among women with benign breast
disease, according to lead researcher Celia Byrne, PhD of Brigham and Women's Hospital and
Harvard Medical School and her colleagues. To conduct the study, researchers analyzed biopsy cell samples from 133 post-menopausal breast cancer cases and
610 women with a history of benign breast disease. While they found that the risk of
breast cancer was nearly double among women who had fast-growing proliferative breast
disease versus women with slow-growing proliferative breast disease, the addition of HRT
did not seem to further increase breast cancer risk.
The breast cells of proliferative breast disease may be normal or abnormal.
Proliferative breast disease with abnormal cells is called atypical hyperplasia. According
to the researchers, the women with atypical hyperplasia were 3.6 times more likely to
develop breast cancer than women with non-proliferative breast disease.
Many physicians think of breast disease as a continuum. Research has shown that many or
most breast cancers do arise from the above sequence. However, some women with hyperplasia
or atypical hyperplasia will never develop breast cancer. Also, some breast tumors may
skip one or more intermediate steps (for example, they may proceed from normal directly to
carcinoma in situ). In general, anything farther along than atypical hyperplasia is
usually classified as a cancer. Abnormalities beginning with ductal
carcinoma in situ (DCIS), usually require treatment as cancers.
Benign breast disease is fairly common, though current or past use of HRT for five or
more years did not further increase the risk of breast cancer among women with
proliferative breast disease. However, researchers did not take into account different
forms or doses of HRT.
Many physicians recommend that women with atypical hyperplasia talk to their physicians
about taking steps to help lower their breast cancer risk, especially if they have a
strong family history of breast cancer or test positive for BRCA
gene mutations. Preventive measures include frequent screenings, taking the drug tamoxifen, or considering a prophylactic mastectomy (preventive breast
removal). However, having fibrocystic breasts, a
benign breast condition that affects nearly 50% of women at some point in their lives, is
not a risk factor for breast cancer.
Guidelines for early breast cancer detection:
- All women between 20 and 39 years of age should practice monthly breast
self-exams and have a physician performed clinical
breast exam at least every three years.
- All women 40 years of age and older should have annual screening mammograms, practice monthly breast self-exams, and have
yearly clinical breast exams.
- Women with a family history of breast cancer or those who test positive for the BRCA1
(breast cancer gene 1) or BRCA2 (breast cancer gene 2) mutations may want to talk to their
physicians about beginning annual screening mammograms earlier than age 40, as early as
age 25 in some cases.
Additional Resources and References
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